In their first article, the Wyss team presents a highly modular body-on-chips platform, which is enabled by an engineered “Interrogator” instrument that can culture up to 10 different organ chips, and sequentially transfer fluids between their endothelium-lined vascular channels to mimic normal human blood flow between the different organs of our body. In the second article, the team uses a computational scaling method to translate data obtained from drug experiments involving three different types of fluidically linked organ chips to their respective organ dimensions in the real human body. The approach is able to quantitatively predict changes in drug levels over time, as well as organ-specific toxicities, that have been previously measured in human patients.
“Both studies represent a tremendous effort by scores of researchers at the Wyss Institute, who worked together with our industrial modeling collaborators, and pooled their collective tissue engineering, microfabrication, pharmacological, physiological, and computational expertise to make this huge advance in preclinical drug testing possible,” said Rachelle Prantil-Baun, a Wyss Institute senior staff scientist with past experience in the pharmaceutical industry who helped to orchestrate this complex multi-investigator effort with multiple other staff members in the Wyss’ Bioinspired Therapeutics and Diagnostics platform.
The Interrogator instrument enabled the team to culture, perfuse and link many living human cultured tissues in a multi-organ chip system, as well as add and sample the medium in a fully programmable way, using the device’s robotic liquid transfer capabilities, while continuously monitoring tissue integrity with an integrated microscope. “In this study, we serially linked the vascular channels of eight different organ chips, including intestine, liver, kidney, heart, lung, skin, blood–brain barrier and brain, using a highly optimized common blood substitute, while independently perfusing the individual channels lined by organ-specific cells. The instrument maintained the viability of all tissues and their organ-specific functions for over three weeks and, importantly, it allowed us to quantitatively predict the tissue-specific distribution of a chemical across the entire system,” said Richard Novak, a co-first-author on both studies. Novak is a Senior Staff Engineer at the Wyss Institute who designed, fabricated, and operated the Interrogator instrument with his bioengineering team.
In the second study, the team used the Interrogator instrument to support two different configurations of three different organ chips linked to each other and to a central arterio-venous (AV) fluid mixing reservoir that helped recapitulate life-like blood and drug exchange between the individual organs, while also providing a way to carry out blood sampling that would mimic blood drawing from a peripheral vein. The researchers coupled a human gut chip with a liver chip and a kidney chip and added nicotine to the gut chip’s channel lined by intestinal epithelium to simulate oral administration of this drug, and its first pass through the intestinal wall and via the vascular system to the liver where it is metabolized, and to the kidney where it is excreted. Nicotine chewing gum is used to help with smoking cessation; however, it is also being investigated as an oral drug for neurodegenerative and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Applying mass spectrometry analysis, the Wyss team quantified nicotine levels in the AV reservoir and the effluents of the vascular channels of all the different organ chips, and then fitted the data with a newly developed biomimetic scaling approach that translates them from the dimensions of the organ chips to their actual organ dimensions in the human body. For the first time, this computational approach combined with experimental human organ chip data demonstrated the ability to model drug uptake and metabolism, and quantitatively predict dynamic changes in drug blood levels (PK) that previously were observed in human clinical trials. The scaling approach, which also solves the challenge of drug adsorption into materials in the experimental system, was developed by co-author Andrzej Przekwas, and his team at CFD Research Corporation in Huntsville, Ala.
“The resulting calculated maximum nicotine concentrations, the time needed for nicotine to reach the different tissue compartments, and the clearance rates in the liver chips in our in vitro-based in silico model mirrored closely what had been measured previously in patients,” said Ben Maoz, a co-first author on the second study and former Technology Development Fellow at the Wyss Institute in the lab of Parker. Maoz currently is an assistant professor at Tel Aviv University, Israel.
With a second multi-organ chip configuration comprising fluidically-linked liver, kidney, and bone marrow chips, the team investigated the pharmacological effects of cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic drug commonly used in cancer treatments, which is administered intravenously and displays unwanted toxicity in the kidney and bone marrow. “Our analysis recapitulates the pharmacodynamic effects of cisplatin in patients, including a decrease in numbers of different blood cell types and an increase in markers of kidney injury,” said co-first author Anna Herland, who worked on Ingber’s team at the time of the study. “In addition, the in vitro-to-in vivo translation capabilities of the system produced quantitative information on how cisplatin is metabolized and cleared by the liver and kidney, which will make it suitable for more refined predictions of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity.” Herland is now an Associate Professor at KTH Royal Institute of Technology and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden.
“This is what we love to do at the Wyss Institute: make science fiction into science fact. And we hope our demonstration that this level of biomimicry is possible using organ chip technology will garner even greater interest from the pharmaceutical industry so that animal testing can be progressively reduced over time,” said Ingber.
Besides being funded by the DARPA under Cooperative Agreement Number W911NF-12-2-0036, the studies received additional support from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration under grant HHSF223201310079C, and National Science Foundation under NSF Award Number 1541959. Several authors on both studies who were previous Wyss staff members are now employees of Emulate Inc; Ingber and Parker also hold equity in Emulate. Inc. and are members of its scientific advisory board. This press release reflects the views of the authors and should not be construed to represent the views or policies of any of the funding agencies.
