Rethinking Olympic glory
As Rio approaches, scholars size up Games in Harvard symposium
Everyone loves the ideals of the Olympics.
But a group of scholars speaking at a Harvard symposium on Friday wondered if today’s Games are living up to their promise of excellence and sportsmanship.
Danyel Reiche, a visiting fellow at Harvard’s Institute for Quantitative Social Science and an associate professor for comparative politics at American University of Beirut, convened the symposium, “Who Will Win in Rio?,” with just four weeks until the opening ceremony for the Summer Games in Brazil. Numerous controversies surround the first South American city to host the Olympics, including infrastructure delays, health concerns (Zika virus, water pollution), and security.
“Whether the host cities benefit or not, what’s been going on in Rio is extraordinary and tragic,” said Andrew Zimbalist, a professor of economics at Smith College.
Calling the International Olympic Committee “out of touch,” Zimbalist, the author of “Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble Behind Hosting the Olympics and World Cup,” cited the displacement of impoverished Brazilians, the design of a golf course on an environmental reserve, and the development of a subway line from the beach to a wealthy suburb as ill-conceived uses of funds in Rio.
When an audience member suggested the creation of an Olympic Island, Zimbalist agreed that the infrastructure for the event should be developed once instead of every four years.
“My plan is to give it to Los Angeles,” he said. “They have a surplus of venues. It’s not going to help Los Angeles one whit, but they won’t lose.”
Reiche’s own research on winners and losers has looked at the Games through the lens of medals, in which goals can range from winning at least five (Botswana) to a first-ever gold in soccer (Brazil).
National goals for the Games “are about quantity, not quality,” said Reiche, who recently published “Success and Failure of Countries at the Olympic Games.”
The fixation on specific goals has upended the spirit of the Games, he said. Great Britain, for example, dramatically cut funding for basketball after the poor showing in the London games.
“The obsession has gone quite far,” said Reiche, who suggested combating the winning-is-everything philosophy by having players from different countries compete together on the same team.
The morning conversation also covered research on host-country advantage by Stephen Pettigrew, a doctoral candidate in the Harvard Department of Government, and analysis by researcher Mark Glickman of individual performances.
Using women’s beach volleyball as an example, Glickman, the founding head of the Sports Analytics Laboratory in the Department of Statistics, compared the ranking system of the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) to probabilistic systems (Elo, Glicko, Glicko-2, and Stephenson).
The teams of April Ross and Kerri Walsh Jennings (United States) and Talita Antunes and Larissa Franca (Brazil) consistently topped the probabilistic systems, but the latter didn’t appear in the Top 10 of FIVB’s rankings.
“The FIVB ranking approach makes no distinction between losing and not competing. From a statistician’s point of view, there’s information on losing that doesn’t get factored into the ranking,” he said of the FIVB rating.
Before the symposium, Reiche talked about how countries less medal-focused define success. In 2012, 120 out of 205 participating nations didn’t take home any hardware. Still, they viewed participation as “a sign of statehood.”
“It’s like having a national anthem or currency. It’s part of being part of [the] world community,” he said. “Plus, it’s the greatest sporting event. Being an Olympian is something you can write in your CV.”