Deep knowledge

Sixteen undergraduate students at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) may now be Harvard’s resident experts on geothermal energy.

For their capstone project in the course ES 96: “Engineering Design Seminar,” the students conducted an analysis of the geothermal heating and cooling system that serves Radcliffe’s Byerly Hall.

Not only did the project provide new insights and tools for the expansion and maintenance of the system in years to come, it also taught the students practical lessons in engineering.

“Every year we try to bring a new real-world problem for the class to explore,” says Woodward Yang, one of four instructors who taught ES 96 this spring. “This year’s class did a terrific job of taking this project and making a real engineering contribution that will be useful for Harvard and for other professionals.”

Their task, suggested by Barbara J. Grosz, dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study and Higgins Professor of Natural Sciences at SEAS, was to determine whether the geothermal wells in Radcliffe Yard could also supply energy to nearby Fay House without overwhelming the system.

Geothermal energy is the natural heat that is stored deep underground. Read about geothermal energy at Harvard.

Through research, calculations, experimentation, and computer modeling, the students found that, indeed, the wells can, and with only minor modifications.

The finding came as a relief to John Horst, director of operations at Radcliffe.

Horst is leading a $13 million renovation of Fay House, which will involve updating all mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and life-safety systems, improving accessibility, replacing windows, and reconfiguring some internal spaces. He wants to replace the conventional heating and cooling systems, which rely on fossil fuels, with an energy-efficient geothermal system, but without having to drill new wells.

The students confirmed an earlier finding by engineering consulting firm Haley & Aldrich—that the Byerly Hall wells could handle the additional load—but took the investigation several steps further, creating analytical tools that may improve performance and efficiency in the long term.

First, they developed a model of energy requirements in Fay House using Simulink and MATLAB, taking into account variable factors such as occupancy, outside temperature, and cloud cover. Another model simulated the performance of the heat pumps, the devices that would transfer heat between the geothermal wells and the building.

This question of above-ground supply and demand, though, was just the beginning. The students also needed to know how much capacity each well has to supply or accept heat. That depends on conduction and advection within the wells—both of which depend, in turn, on the geology of the argillite 1,500 feet below Radcliffe Yard.

The students consulted geologists and learned how fissures in the rock can let groundwater seep into the well, affecting its efficiency. Soon, they had created another model in COMSOL to quantify heat transfer over a cross section of one well.

To verify that the model was reliable, the students then conducted a stress test on an actual well. Another experiment involved adding a dye to the system and measuring its concentration to quantify advection over short and long periods of time.

As a result, they found that if three heat pumps are added to the system, the five existing wells that service Byerly Hall can also cover Fay House.

The students also recommended that for optimal efficiency, the wells should run simultaneously for the 15-hour day (rather than in shifts) and that the building’s thermostats should be raised gradually over the course of each morning.

“It’s terrific,” says Horst. “I think they did a great job; I’m really impressed by how well they got into the issues.”

He plans to request funding for a work-study student to monitor the system using the new models, including one that can use meteorological forecasts to predict the system’s performance and efficiency ahead of time, potentially averting problems.

“That forecasting is really quite stunning,” says Yang, Gordon McKay Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. “You can tell, if there’s going to be a cold snap, are you going to freeze your wells?”

Horst hopes the U.S. Department of Energy will take an interest.

“I would love to do some follow-up studies on this,” he added.

“This class was a completely new experience for me in many ways,” says Erfan Soliman ’12. “I don’t think I have ever taken a class that pulled together so many different aspects of my engineering education so far, and put them to use in the context of a real problem.”

That was exactly the goal, says instructor Kevin Kit Parker, the Thomas D. Cabot Associate Professor of Applied Science and associate professor of biomedical engineering. Students taking this course in the spring of their junior year have the opportunity to test their skills and identify their weaknesses; then, they have one more year to close the gap.

“This class is not really a class,” Parker says. “It’s a twice-weekly meeting of a new consultant group. When we think of a class and instruction, one typically considers that the path is charted on Day 1 and the right answers are known. This is a different experience.”

The course was co-taught—or advised, one might say—in two sections, by visiting lecturer Barry Griffin ’71, Yang, Parker, and Robert D. Howe, the Abbott and James Lawrence Professor of Engineering.

Nico Hawley-Weld ’12 said that by the second half of term, he was spending 20 to 30 hours a week on the project. The instructors provided what they describe as “coaching” support, but the students largely took it upon themselves to meet with engineers, scientists, and local officials.

“They pushed us pretty hard, but we were the ones who decided this project was worth our time,” Hawley-Weld says. “I went from just showing up in class to thinking that it was the most important thing in the world.”

That dedication was evident at the students’ final presentation on May 3.

“One of the geothermal experts who came to our presentation said that there had never been 20 people in a room who knew so much about open-loop geothermal wells,” says Hawley-Weld.

Projects relating to energy efficiency and “green” thinking are common in ES 96. Another team of students in the course this semester designed new tools for local organic farms.

“I am proud of the way the class performed,” says Parker. “We were tough on them. They realized that it is not personal, it’s business, and that the primary deliverable that we are driving towards is a cadre of engineering students who know how to step into the gap of the unknown and start to fill it.”