This month in Harvard history

Sept. 11, 1770 – With the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony temporarily convening in Harvard Hall, the spirit of public debate catches fire among students, and Samuel Phillips-future founder of the Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.-forms the Speaking Club on this date. Around the same time, other students form the Mercurian Club (the two combine in 1773). In 1774, the Clitonian Club also forms to promote student public speaking. In each of these intensely secret societies, mere mention of the club name is grounds for expulsion.

Sept. 5, 1781 – Upon returning to Cambridge to receive his master’s degree, Elisha Parmele, Class of 1778, interests three juniors in forming Alpha of Massachusetts, the Harvard Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. Parmele, a previous inductee of the first PBK (est. 1776 at the College of William and Mary), obtains a charter from its members to form the Harvard Chapter.

Sept. 19, 1782 – The Harvard Corporation votes to establish the Medical School, following a detailed plan from President Joseph Willard and Professor Edward Wigglesworth. The plan calls for new books in chemistry and medicine, “a complete anatomical and surgical apparatus,” three new professorships, and organized lectures with required clinical components.

September 1877 – Justin Winsor becomes College Librarian and operates on the revolutionary principle that books should be used as much and as conveniently as possible. His ideas soon take practical form with the expansion of the undergraduate reserved-book system (begun two or three years earlier) and the introduction of stack privileges for students and officers of the University

– From the Harvard Historical Calendar, a database compiled by Marvin Hightower