{"id":246424,"date":"2018-06-07T12:45:52","date_gmt":"2018-06-07T16:45:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/?p=246424"},"modified":"2023-11-08T20:48:29","modified_gmt":"2023-11-09T01:48:29","slug":"seas-david-keith-has-a-plan-to-slash-costs-of-co2-capture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2018\/06\/seas-david-keith-has-a-plan-to-slash-costs-of-co2-capture\/","title":{"rendered":"Team plans industrial-scale carbon removal plant"},"content":{"rendered":"<header\n\tclass=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-article-header alignfull article-header is-style-classic has-colored-heading has-media-on-the-left\"\n\tstyle=\" \"\n>\n\t<figure class=\"wp-block-video wp-block-video--ambient\"><video autoplay loop muted playsinline src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/2018_-SEAS_ShortReel_LOOP.mp4\"><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Carbon Engineering\u2019s pilot plant.<\/p><p class=\"wp-element-caption--credit\">Courtesy of Carbon Engineering<\/p><\/figcaption><button aria-label=\"Pause ambient video\" class=\"video-ambient-controls pause\"><\/button><\/figure>\n\n\t<div class=\"article-header__content\">\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\tclass=\"article-header__category\"\n\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/science-technology\/\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\tScience &amp; Tech\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<h1 class=\"article-header__title wp-block-heading \">\n\t\tTeam plans industrial-scale carbon removal plant\t<\/h1>\n\n\t\t\t<p class=\"article-header__subheading wp-block-heading\">\n\t\t\tUses existing technology in novel ways to extract it from atmosphere\t\t<\/p>\n\t\n\t\n\t<div class=\"article-header__meta\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-post-author\">\n\t\t\t<address class=\"wp-block-post-author__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"author wp-block-post-author__name\">\n\t\tLeah Burrows\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-block-post-author__byline\">\n\t\t\tSEAS Communications\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/address>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<time class=\"article-header__date\" datetime=\"2018-06-07\">\n\t\t\tJune 7, 2018\t\t<\/time>\n\n\t\t<span class=\"article-header__reading-time\">\n\t\t\t5 min read\t\t<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\n<\/header>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f1f2ed93 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n\n\n\t\t<p>As the Earth continues to heat up, so have calls to dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions to avoid catastrophic climate change. But many experts say that even if all emissions stopped tomorrow, the planet would continue to warm and seas would continue to rise.<\/p>\n<p>A key issue is that atmosphere would still be clogged with 200 years\u2019 worth of human-produced carbon dioxide. \u201cThe question is, what do we do with all this excess CO2 in the atmosphere?\u201d said Noah Deich, executive director and co-founder of the nonprofit Center for Carbon Removal.<\/p>\n<p>A new application of old technology may be the answer. \u201cDirect air capture\u201d that removes the gas from ambient air has possible since the 1940s, but \u2014 at a cost estimated in 2011 to be as much as $1,000 per metric ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2014 it has long been viewed as too expensive to be practical.<\/p>\n<p>David Keith, the Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, thinks it can be done for a lot less. He and his colleagues estimate that their company, Carbon Engineering, could capture CO<sub>2 <\/sub>for between $94 and $232 per metric ton. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/joule\/fulltext\/S2542-4351(18)30225-3\">journal Joule<\/a>, the team outlined the material and engineering costs of their system \u2014 the first time the costs of a commercial direct-air-capture process have been published.<\/p>\n<p>The paper could have major ramifications across the industry.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUntil now, basically no one in the industry has published an open-book number that will give credibility that direct air capture costs less than the $500 to $1,000 per metric ton that has been estimated,\u201d Deich said.<\/p>\n<p>CO<sub>2 <\/sub>molecules make up only .04 percent of the air \u2014 that\u2019s one in 2,500 molecules. Nonetheless, \u201cWe need enormous volumes of CO<sub>2 <\/sub>removal and to achieve that, we need accurate economic analysis and hard engineering data,\u201d said Julio Friedmann, CEO of Carbon Wrangler LLC and senior advisor at The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute. \u201cThis paper provides that transparency.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Keith co-founded Carbon Engineering in 2009, when direct air capture was still on the fringes of industrial climate solutions. Carbon Engineering\u2019s goal is to use direct air capture to produce carbon-neutral fuels and converting carbon-free energy into high-energy fuels for vehicles such as planes and barges, which are difficult to electrify.<\/p>\n<p>The Carbon Engineering team\u2019s approach differs from their few competitors in the field.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re not developing a fundamentally new product or unit operation,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThat\u2019s the design choice we made. We\u2019re making something that\u2019s never been done before \u2014 commercial large-scale air capture \u2014 but we\u2019re doing it on a basis of technology that already exists.&#8221;<\/p>\n\r\n\t\n\n\t<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull  size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2500\" height=\"1407\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-246427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg 2500w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=150,84 150w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=2048,1153 2048w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=608,342 608w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=784,441 784w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=1488,837 1488w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=1680,946 1680w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=57,32 57w, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg?resize=114,64 114w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Artist&#039;s rendering of Carbon Engineering\u2019s air capture design. This unit would be one of several that would collectively capture 1 million metric tonnes of CO2 per year.\t\t\t<\/p><p class=\"wp-element-caption--credit\">Courtesy of Carbon Engineering<\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\n\t\r\n\n<p>In the Carbon Engineering system, a remodeled industrial cooling tower containing a liquid hydroxide solution captures CO\u2082 and converts it into carbonate. The carbonate is then converted into pellets in equipment originally created to extract minerals in water-treatment plants. Finally, the carbon pellets are heated in a kiln originally designed for roasting gold, and transformed into pure carbon dioxide gas, which can be turned into synthetic fuel.<\/p>\n<p>Keith\u2019s team worked directly with commercial suppliers of each of piece of repurposed equipment to design tests, engineer alterations, and develop cost estimates to adapt the hardware for a commercial direct-air-capture plant.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn a post-Paris Accords world, everyone has been talking about carbon removal but most of the analysis is secondary literature or policy perspectives,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThis is the first paper to estimate the cost of direct air capture based on a detailed engineering design and cost analysis. While uncertainties, of course, remain, the fact that it can be built using established processes and suppliers gives us confidence to develop industrial-scale plants.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>With that cost breakdown, direct air capture \u2014 especially direct air capture that can be used to make synthetic fuel \u2014 may look less exotic and more attractive to investors and policymakers.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the technology is location-independent, which should add to its allure, said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/faculty\/joe-lassiter\">Joe Lassiter<\/a>, retired Senior Fellow and Senator John Heinz Professor of Management Practice in Environmental Management at the Harvard Business School.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA commercial carbon capture facility could be located anywhere in the world where renewable or nuclear is inexpensive,\u201d said Lassiter. \u201cThis is an example of how engineering and human cleverness can find economically feasible and sustainable solutions to the problems that society faces.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To date, Keith and the Carbon Engineering team have raised about $30 million. The next step is to raise funds for a plant that can deliver fuels to market, which depends on finding a renewable power supplier who wants to supply high-capacity power at a low price and incentives for low-carbon fuels.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI hope this paper will launch 1,000 master\u2019s students to figure out how to create an even better future using this technology,\u201d said Friedmann.<\/p>\n<p><em>Most of the funding for the work came from funds CE raised from its investors. This research was also supported in part by the British Columbia Innovative Clean Energy Fund, Sustainable Development Technologies Canada, Natural Resources Canada, the Industrial Research Assistance Program, Western Innovation Initiative, and the U.S. Department of Energy.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a step to help fight global warming, Harvard Professor David Keith has a plan to repurpose existing technology to slash the costs of carbon capture. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":122429419,"featured_media":246427,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"gz_ga_pageviews":140,"gz_ga_lastupdated":"2025-07-23 20:42","document_color_palette":"crimson","author":"Leah Burrows","affiliation":"SEAS Communications","_category_override":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1387],"tags":[40734,40737,40739,40735,40732,8631,10150,40733,12463,14655,15457,15838,15846,40740,40736,40731,40738],"gazette-formats":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-246424","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-technology","tag-carbon-engineering","tag-carbon-wrangler","tag-carbon-free-energy","tag-carbon-neutral-fuels","tag-center-for-carbon-removal","tag-co2","tag-david-keith","tag-direct-air-capture","tag-environment","tag-global-warming-2","tag-harvard-business-school","tag-harvard-john-a-paulson-school-of-engineering-and-applied-sciences","tag-harvard-kennedy-school","tag-joe-lassiter","tag-julio-friedmann","tag-noah-deich","tag-the-carbon-capture-and-storage-institute"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.0 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SEAS\u2019 David Keith has a plan to slash costs of CO2 capture &#8212; 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Tech\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<h1 class=\"article-header__title wp-block-heading \">\n\t\tTeam plans industrial-scale carbon removal plant\t<\/h1>\n\n\t\t\t<p class=\"article-header__subheading wp-block-heading\">\n\t\t\tUses existing technology in novel ways to extract it from atmosphere\t\t<\/p>\n\t\n\t\n\t<div class=\"article-header__meta\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-post-author\">\n\t\t\t<address class=\"wp-block-post-author__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"author wp-block-post-author__name\">\n\t\tLeah Burrows\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-block-post-author__byline\">\n\t\t\tSEAS Communications\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/address>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<time class=\"article-header__date\" datetime=\"2018-06-07\">\n\t\t\tJune 7, 2018\t\t<\/time>\n\n\t\t<span class=\"article-header__reading-time\">\n\t\t\t5 min read\t\t<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\n<\/header>\n"},"2":{"blockName":"core\/group","attrs":{"templateLock":false,"metadata":{"name":"Article content"},"align":"wide","layout":{"type":"constrained","justifyContent":"right"},"tagName":"div","lock":[],"className":"","style":[],"backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","ariaLabel":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"core\/freeform","attrs":{"content":"","lock":[],"metadata":[]},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n\t\t<p>As the Earth continues to heat up, so have calls to dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions to avoid catastrophic climate change. But many experts say that even if all emissions stopped tomorrow, the planet would continue to warm and seas would continue to rise.<\/p>\n<p>A key issue is that atmosphere would still be clogged with 200 years\u2019 worth of human-produced carbon dioxide. \u201cThe question is, what do we do with all this excess CO2 in the atmosphere?\u201d said Noah Deich, executive director and co-founder of the nonprofit Center for Carbon Removal.<\/p>\n<p>A new application of old technology may be the answer. \u201cDirect air capture\u201d that removes the gas from ambient air has possible since the 1940s, but \u2014 at a cost estimated in 2011 to be as much as $1,000 per metric ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2014 it has long been viewed as too expensive to be practical.<\/p>\n<p>David Keith, the Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, thinks it can be done for a lot less. He and his colleagues estimate that their company, Carbon Engineering, could capture CO<sub>2 <\/sub>for between $94 and $232 per metric ton. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/joule\/fulltext\/S2542-4351(18)30225-3\">journal Joule<\/a>, the team outlined the material and engineering costs of their system \u2014 the first time the costs of a commercial direct-air-capture process have been published.<\/p>\n<p>The paper could have major ramifications across the industry.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUntil now, basically no one in the industry has published an open-book number that will give credibility that direct air capture costs less than the $500 to $1,000 per metric ton that has been estimated,\u201d Deich said.<\/p>\n<p>CO<sub>2 <\/sub>molecules make up only .04 percent of the air \u2014 that\u2019s one in 2,500 molecules. Nonetheless, \u201cWe need enormous volumes of CO<sub>2 <\/sub>removal and to achieve that, we need accurate economic analysis and hard engineering data,\u201d said Julio Friedmann, CEO of Carbon Wrangler LLC and senior advisor at The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute. \u201cThis paper provides that transparency.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Keith co-founded Carbon Engineering in 2009, when direct air capture was still on the fringes of industrial climate solutions. Carbon Engineering\u2019s goal is to use direct air capture to produce carbon-neutral fuels and converting carbon-free energy into high-energy fuels for vehicles such as planes and barges, which are difficult to electrify.<\/p>\n<p>The Carbon Engineering team\u2019s approach differs from their few competitors in the field.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re not developing a fundamentally new product or unit operation,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThat\u2019s the design choice we made. We\u2019re making something that\u2019s never been done before \u2014 commercial large-scale air capture \u2014 but we\u2019re doing it on a basis of technology that already exists.\"<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n\t\t<p>As the Earth continues to heat up, so have calls to dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions to avoid catastrophic climate change. But many experts say that even if all emissions stopped tomorrow, the planet would continue to warm and seas would continue to rise.<\/p>\n<p>A key issue is that atmosphere would still be clogged with 200 years\u2019 worth of human-produced carbon dioxide. \u201cThe question is, what do we do with all this excess CO2 in the atmosphere?\u201d said Noah Deich, executive director and co-founder of the nonprofit Center for Carbon Removal.<\/p>\n<p>A new application of old technology may be the answer. \u201cDirect air capture\u201d that removes the gas from ambient air has possible since the 1940s, but \u2014 at a cost estimated in 2011 to be as much as $1,000 per metric ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2014 it has long been viewed as too expensive to be practical.<\/p>\n<p>David Keith, the Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, thinks it can be done for a lot less. He and his colleagues estimate that their company, Carbon Engineering, could capture CO<sub>2 <\/sub>for between $94 and $232 per metric ton. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/joule\/fulltext\/S2542-4351(18)30225-3\">journal Joule<\/a>, the team outlined the material and engineering costs of their system \u2014 the first time the costs of a commercial direct-air-capture process have been published.<\/p>\n<p>The paper could have major ramifications across the industry.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUntil now, basically no one in the industry has published an open-book number that will give credibility that direct air capture costs less than the $500 to $1,000 per metric ton that has been estimated,\u201d Deich said.<\/p>\n<p>CO<sub>2 <\/sub>molecules make up only .04 percent of the air \u2014 that\u2019s one in 2,500 molecules. Nonetheless, \u201cWe need enormous volumes of CO<sub>2 <\/sub>removal and to achieve that, we need accurate economic analysis and hard engineering data,\u201d said Julio Friedmann, CEO of Carbon Wrangler LLC and senior advisor at The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute. \u201cThis paper provides that transparency.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Keith co-founded Carbon Engineering in 2009, when direct air capture was still on the fringes of industrial climate solutions. Carbon Engineering\u2019s goal is to use direct air capture to produce carbon-neutral fuels and converting carbon-free energy into high-energy fuels for vehicles such as planes and barges, which are difficult to electrify.<\/p>\n<p>The Carbon Engineering team\u2019s approach differs from their few competitors in the field.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re not developing a fundamentally new product or unit operation,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThat\u2019s the design choice we made. We\u2019re making something that\u2019s never been done before \u2014 commercial large-scale air capture \u2014 but we\u2019re doing it on a basis of technology that already exists.\"<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n\t\t<p>As the Earth continues to heat up, so have calls to dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions to avoid catastrophic climate change. But many experts say that even if all emissions stopped tomorrow, the planet would continue to warm and seas would continue to rise.<\/p>\n<p>A key issue is that atmosphere would still be clogged with 200 years\u2019 worth of human-produced carbon dioxide. \u201cThe question is, what do we do with all this excess CO2 in the atmosphere?\u201d said Noah Deich, executive director and co-founder of the nonprofit Center for Carbon Removal.<\/p>\n<p>A new application of old technology may be the answer. \u201cDirect air capture\u201d that removes the gas from ambient air has possible since the 1940s, but \u2014 at a cost estimated in 2011 to be as much as $1,000 per metric ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2014 it has long been viewed as too expensive to be practical.<\/p>\n<p>David Keith, the Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, thinks it can be done for a lot less. He and his colleagues estimate that their company, Carbon Engineering, could capture CO<sub>2 <\/sub>for between $94 and $232 per metric ton. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/joule\/fulltext\/S2542-4351(18)30225-3\">journal Joule<\/a>, the team outlined the material and engineering costs of their system \u2014 the first time the costs of a commercial direct-air-capture process have been published.<\/p>\n<p>The paper could have major ramifications across the industry.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUntil now, basically no one in the industry has published an open-book number that will give credibility that direct air capture costs less than the $500 to $1,000 per metric ton that has been estimated,\u201d Deich said.<\/p>\n<p>CO<sub>2 <\/sub>molecules make up only .04 percent of the air \u2014 that\u2019s one in 2,500 molecules. Nonetheless, \u201cWe need enormous volumes of CO<sub>2 <\/sub>removal and to achieve that, we need accurate economic analysis and hard engineering data,\u201d said Julio Friedmann, CEO of Carbon Wrangler LLC and senior advisor at The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute. \u201cThis paper provides that transparency.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Keith co-founded Carbon Engineering in 2009, when direct air capture was still on the fringes of industrial climate solutions. Carbon Engineering\u2019s goal is to use direct air capture to produce carbon-neutral fuels and converting carbon-free energy into high-energy fuels for vehicles such as planes and barges, which are difficult to electrify.<\/p>\n<p>The Carbon Engineering team\u2019s approach differs from their few competitors in the field.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re not developing a fundamentally new product or unit operation,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThat\u2019s the design choice we made. We\u2019re making something that\u2019s never been done before \u2014 commercial large-scale air capture \u2014 but we\u2019re doing it on a basis of technology that already exists.\"<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/image","attrs":{"sizeSlug":"full","align":"full","id":246427,"caption":"Artist's rendering of Carbon Engineering\u2019s air capture design. This unit would be one of several that would collectively capture 1 million metric tonnes of CO2 per year.","creditText":"Courtesy of Carbon Engineering","blob":"","url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg","alt":"","lightbox":[],"title":"","href":"","rel":"","linkClass":"","width":"","height":"","aspectRatio":"","scale":"","linkDestination":"","linkTarget":"","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":[],"borderColor":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n\n\t<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull  size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-246427\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Artist&#039;s rendering of Carbon Engineering\u2019s air capture design. This unit would be one of several that would collectively capture 1 million metric tonnes of CO2 per year.\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t","innerContent":["\n\n\t<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull  size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-246427\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Artist&#039;s rendering of Carbon Engineering\u2019s air capture design. This unit would be one of several that would collectively capture 1 million metric tonnes of CO2 per year.\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t"],"rendered":"\n\n\t<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull  size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-246427\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Artist&#039;s rendering of Carbon Engineering\u2019s air capture design. This unit would be one of several that would collectively capture 1 million metric tonnes of CO2 per year.\t\t\t<\/p><p class=\"wp-element-caption--credit\">Courtesy of Carbon Engineering<\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t"},{"blockName":"core\/freeform","attrs":{"content":"","lock":[],"metadata":[]},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>In the Carbon Engineering system, a remodeled industrial cooling tower containing a liquid hydroxide solution captures CO\u2082 and converts it into carbonate. The carbonate is then converted into pellets in equipment originally created to extract minerals in water-treatment plants. Finally, the carbon pellets are heated in a kiln originally designed for roasting gold, and transformed into pure carbon dioxide gas, which can be turned into synthetic fuel.<\/p>\n<p>Keith\u2019s team worked directly with commercial suppliers of each of piece of repurposed equipment to design tests, engineer alterations, and develop cost estimates to adapt the hardware for a commercial direct-air-capture plant.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn a post-Paris Accords world, everyone has been talking about carbon removal but most of the analysis is secondary literature or policy perspectives,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThis is the first paper to estimate the cost of direct air capture based on a detailed engineering design and cost analysis. While uncertainties, of course, remain, the fact that it can be built using established processes and suppliers gives us confidence to develop industrial-scale plants.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>With that cost breakdown, direct air capture \u2014 especially direct air capture that can be used to make synthetic fuel \u2014 may look less exotic and more attractive to investors and policymakers.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the technology is location-independent, which should add to its allure, said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/faculty\/joe-lassiter\">Joe Lassiter<\/a>, retired Senior Fellow and Senator John Heinz Professor of Management Practice in Environmental Management at the Harvard Business School.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA commercial carbon capture facility could be located anywhere in the world where renewable or nuclear is inexpensive,\u201d said Lassiter. \u201cThis is an example of how engineering and human cleverness can find economically feasible and sustainable solutions to the problems that society faces.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To date, Keith and the Carbon Engineering team have raised about $30 million. The next step is to raise funds for a plant that can deliver fuels to market, which depends on finding a renewable power supplier who wants to supply high-capacity power at a low price and incentives for low-carbon fuels.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI hope this paper will launch 1,000 master\u2019s students to figure out how to create an even better future using this technology,\u201d said Friedmann.<\/p>\n<p><em>Most of the funding for the work came from funds CE raised from its investors. This research was also supported in part by the British Columbia Innovative Clean Energy Fund, Sustainable Development Technologies Canada, Natural Resources Canada, the Industrial Research Assistance Program, Western Innovation Initiative, and the U.S. Department of Energy.<\/em><\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>In the Carbon Engineering system, a remodeled industrial cooling tower containing a liquid hydroxide solution captures CO\u2082 and converts it into carbonate. The carbonate is then converted into pellets in equipment originally created to extract minerals in water-treatment plants. Finally, the carbon pellets are heated in a kiln originally designed for roasting gold, and transformed into pure carbon dioxide gas, which can be turned into synthetic fuel.<\/p>\n<p>Keith\u2019s team worked directly with commercial suppliers of each of piece of repurposed equipment to design tests, engineer alterations, and develop cost estimates to adapt the hardware for a commercial direct-air-capture plant.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn a post-Paris Accords world, everyone has been talking about carbon removal but most of the analysis is secondary literature or policy perspectives,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThis is the first paper to estimate the cost of direct air capture based on a detailed engineering design and cost analysis. While uncertainties, of course, remain, the fact that it can be built using established processes and suppliers gives us confidence to develop industrial-scale plants.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>With that cost breakdown, direct air capture \u2014 especially direct air capture that can be used to make synthetic fuel \u2014 may look less exotic and more attractive to investors and policymakers.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the technology is location-independent, which should add to its allure, said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/faculty\/joe-lassiter\">Joe Lassiter<\/a>, retired Senior Fellow and Senator John Heinz Professor of Management Practice in Environmental Management at the Harvard Business School.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA commercial carbon capture facility could be located anywhere in the world where renewable or nuclear is inexpensive,\u201d said Lassiter. \u201cThis is an example of how engineering and human cleverness can find economically feasible and sustainable solutions to the problems that society faces.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To date, Keith and the Carbon Engineering team have raised about $30 million. The next step is to raise funds for a plant that can deliver fuels to market, which depends on finding a renewable power supplier who wants to supply high-capacity power at a low price and incentives for low-carbon fuels.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI hope this paper will launch 1,000 master\u2019s students to figure out how to create an even better future using this technology,\u201d said Friedmann.<\/p>\n<p><em>Most of the funding for the work came from funds CE raised from its investors. This research was also supported in part by the British Columbia Innovative Clean Energy Fund, Sustainable Development Technologies Canada, Natural Resources Canada, the Industrial Research Assistance Program, Western Innovation Initiative, and the U.S. Department of Energy.<\/em><\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>In the Carbon Engineering system, a remodeled industrial cooling tower containing a liquid hydroxide solution captures CO\u2082 and converts it into carbonate. The carbonate is then converted into pellets in equipment originally created to extract minerals in water-treatment plants. Finally, the carbon pellets are heated in a kiln originally designed for roasting gold, and transformed into pure carbon dioxide gas, which can be turned into synthetic fuel.<\/p>\n<p>Keith\u2019s team worked directly with commercial suppliers of each of piece of repurposed equipment to design tests, engineer alterations, and develop cost estimates to adapt the hardware for a commercial direct-air-capture plant.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn a post-Paris Accords world, everyone has been talking about carbon removal but most of the analysis is secondary literature or policy perspectives,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThis is the first paper to estimate the cost of direct air capture based on a detailed engineering design and cost analysis. While uncertainties, of course, remain, the fact that it can be built using established processes and suppliers gives us confidence to develop industrial-scale plants.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>With that cost breakdown, direct air capture \u2014 especially direct air capture that can be used to make synthetic fuel \u2014 may look less exotic and more attractive to investors and policymakers.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the technology is location-independent, which should add to its allure, said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/faculty\/joe-lassiter\">Joe Lassiter<\/a>, retired Senior Fellow and Senator John Heinz Professor of Management Practice in Environmental Management at the Harvard Business School.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA commercial carbon capture facility could be located anywhere in the world where renewable or nuclear is inexpensive,\u201d said Lassiter. \u201cThis is an example of how engineering and human cleverness can find economically feasible and sustainable solutions to the problems that society faces.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To date, Keith and the Carbon Engineering team have raised about $30 million. The next step is to raise funds for a plant that can deliver fuels to market, which depends on finding a renewable power supplier who wants to supply high-capacity power at a low price and incentives for low-carbon fuels.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI hope this paper will launch 1,000 master\u2019s students to figure out how to create an even better future using this technology,\u201d said Friedmann.<\/p>\n<p><em>Most of the funding for the work came from funds CE raised from its investors. This research was also supported in part by the British Columbia Innovative Clean Energy Fund, Sustainable Development Technologies Canada, Natural Resources Canada, the Industrial Research Assistance Program, Western Innovation Initiative, and the U.S. Department of Energy.<\/em><\/p>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide\">\n\n\r\n\t\n\t\r\n\n\n<\/div>\n","innerContent":["\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide\">\n\n","\r\n\t","\n\t\r\n","\n\n<\/div>\n"],"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f1f2ed93 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n\n\n\t\t<p>As the Earth continues to heat up, so have calls to dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions to avoid catastrophic climate change. But many experts say that even if all emissions stopped tomorrow, the planet would continue to warm and seas would continue to rise.<\/p>\n<p>A key issue is that atmosphere would still be clogged with 200 years\u2019 worth of human-produced carbon dioxide. \u201cThe question is, what do we do with all this excess CO2 in the atmosphere?\u201d said Noah Deich, executive director and co-founder of the nonprofit Center for Carbon Removal.<\/p>\n<p>A new application of old technology may be the answer. \u201cDirect air capture\u201d that removes the gas from ambient air has possible since the 1940s, but \u2014 at a cost estimated in 2011 to be as much as $1,000 per metric ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2014 it has long been viewed as too expensive to be practical.<\/p>\n<p>David Keith, the Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, thinks it can be done for a lot less. He and his colleagues estimate that their company, Carbon Engineering, could capture CO<sub>2 <\/sub>for between $94 and $232 per metric ton. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/joule\/fulltext\/S2542-4351(18)30225-3\">journal Joule<\/a>, the team outlined the material and engineering costs of their system \u2014 the first time the costs of a commercial direct-air-capture process have been published.<\/p>\n<p>The paper could have major ramifications across the industry.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cUntil now, basically no one in the industry has published an open-book number that will give credibility that direct air capture costs less than the $500 to $1,000 per metric ton that has been estimated,\u201d Deich said.<\/p>\n<p>CO<sub>2 <\/sub>molecules make up only .04 percent of the air \u2014 that\u2019s one in 2,500 molecules. Nonetheless, \u201cWe need enormous volumes of CO<sub>2 <\/sub>removal and to achieve that, we need accurate economic analysis and hard engineering data,\u201d said Julio Friedmann, CEO of Carbon Wrangler LLC and senior advisor at The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute. \u201cThis paper provides that transparency.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Keith co-founded Carbon Engineering in 2009, when direct air capture was still on the fringes of industrial climate solutions. Carbon Engineering\u2019s goal is to use direct air capture to produce carbon-neutral fuels and converting carbon-free energy into high-energy fuels for vehicles such as planes and barges, which are difficult to electrify.<\/p>\n<p>The Carbon Engineering team\u2019s approach differs from their few competitors in the field.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re not developing a fundamentally new product or unit operation,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThat\u2019s the design choice we made. We\u2019re making something that\u2019s never been done before \u2014 commercial large-scale air capture \u2014 but we\u2019re doing it on a basis of technology that already exists.\"<\/p>\n\r\n\t\n\n\t<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull  size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Rendering-of-CE\u2019s-air-contactor-design.-This-unit-would-be-one-of-several-that-would-collectively-capture-1M-tonnes-of-CO2-per-year-2_2500.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-246427\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Artist&#039;s rendering of Carbon Engineering\u2019s air capture design. This unit would be one of several that would collectively capture 1 million metric tonnes of CO2 per year.\t\t\t<\/p><p class=\"wp-element-caption--credit\">Courtesy of Carbon Engineering<\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\n\t\r\n\n<p>In the Carbon Engineering system, a remodeled industrial cooling tower containing a liquid hydroxide solution captures CO\u2082 and converts it into carbonate. The carbonate is then converted into pellets in equipment originally created to extract minerals in water-treatment plants. Finally, the carbon pellets are heated in a kiln originally designed for roasting gold, and transformed into pure carbon dioxide gas, which can be turned into synthetic fuel.<\/p>\n<p>Keith\u2019s team worked directly with commercial suppliers of each of piece of repurposed equipment to design tests, engineer alterations, and develop cost estimates to adapt the hardware for a commercial direct-air-capture plant.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn a post-Paris Accords world, everyone has been talking about carbon removal but most of the analysis is secondary literature or policy perspectives,\u201d said Keith. \u201cThis is the first paper to estimate the cost of direct air capture based on a detailed engineering design and cost analysis. While uncertainties, of course, remain, the fact that it can be built using established processes and suppliers gives us confidence to develop industrial-scale plants.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>With that cost breakdown, direct air capture \u2014 especially direct air capture that can be used to make synthetic fuel \u2014 may look less exotic and more attractive to investors and policymakers.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the technology is location-independent, which should add to its allure, said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/faculty\/joe-lassiter\">Joe Lassiter<\/a>, retired Senior Fellow and Senator John Heinz Professor of Management Practice in Environmental Management at the Harvard Business School.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA commercial carbon capture facility could be located anywhere in the world where renewable or nuclear is inexpensive,\u201d said Lassiter. \u201cThis is an example of how engineering and human cleverness can find economically feasible and sustainable solutions to the problems that society faces.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>To date, Keith and the Carbon Engineering team have raised about $30 million. The next step is to raise funds for a plant that can deliver fuels to market, which depends on finding a renewable power supplier who wants to supply high-capacity power at a low price and incentives for low-carbon fuels.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI hope this paper will launch 1,000 master\u2019s students to figure out how to create an even better future using this technology,\u201d said Friedmann.<\/p>\n<p><em>Most of the funding for the work came from funds CE raised from its investors. This research was also supported in part by the British Columbia Innovative Clean Energy Fund, Sustainable Development Technologies Canada, Natural Resources Canada, the Industrial Research Assistance Program, Western Innovation Initiative, and the U.S. Department of Energy.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n"}},"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":23843,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2009\/09\/earth-engineering\/","url_meta":{"origin":246424,"position":0},"title":"Expert: Lift taboo on Earth engineering","author":"harvardgazette","date":"September 23, 2009","format":false,"excerpt":"University of Calgary Professor David Keith calls for investment in geoengineering research as part of the search for solutions to climate change.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Science &amp; Tech&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Science &amp; Tech","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/science-technology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/09\/092209_keith_197.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/09\/092209_keith_197.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/09\/092209_keith_197.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":58014,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2002\/10\/putting-bacteria-to-work\/","url_meta":{"origin":246424,"position":1},"title":"Putting bacteria to work","author":"harvardgazette","date":"October 17, 2002","format":false,"excerpt":"A nautical group of bacteria known as Prochlorococcus removes carbon dioxide from air and fixes it into the carbon content of their own tiny bodies. The more carbon dioxide they take from the air, the less is available to capture the heat that is causing the warm-up of our planet.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Science &amp; Tech&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Science &amp; Tech","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/science-technology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":271614,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2019\/04\/study-shows-china-can-be-carbon-negative-in-an-economically-competitive-way\/","url_meta":{"origin":246424,"position":2},"title":"Clearing the way for cleaner air in China","author":"Lian Parsons","date":"April 19, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Researchers have analyzed technical and economic viability for China to move toward carbon-negative electric power generation and found that China can do so in an economically competitive way.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Science &amp; Tech&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Science &amp; Tech","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/science-technology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Ganjiaxiang's industrial panorama.","src":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Ganjiaxiang_-_agri-industrial.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Ganjiaxiang_-_agri-industrial.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Ganjiaxiang_-_agri-industrial.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Ganjiaxiang_-_agri-industrial.jpg?resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":174003,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2015\/09\/greening-the-electric-grid-with-gas-turbines\/","url_meta":{"origin":246424,"position":3},"title":"Greening the electric grid with gas turbines","author":"harvardgazette","date":"September 23, 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"A new Harvard study pokes holes in the belief that huge quantities of storage will be needed before clean, renewable sources can make a significant dent in greenhouse-gas emissions from electricity generation.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Science &amp; Tech&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Science &amp; Tech","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/science-technology\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/121610_features_107_605.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/121610_features_107_605.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/121610_features_107_605.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":14665,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2007\/11\/if-not-in-atmosphere-where-does-carbon-go\/","url_meta":{"origin":246424,"position":4},"title":"If not in atmosphere, where does carbon go?","author":"harvardgazette","date":"November 1, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"A prominent atmospheric scientist Monday (Oct. 29) called for more research into natural carbon \u201csinks,\u201d which today absorb almost half of man-made carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere and which will play a large role in determining the extent of future global warming.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Science &amp; 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