{"id":161546,"date":"2014-10-08T13:24:09","date_gmt":"2014-10-08T17:24:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/webadmin.news-harvard.go-vip.net\/gazette\/gazette\/?p=161546"},"modified":"2014-10-08T13:24:09","modified_gmt":"2014-10-08T17:24:09","slug":"stages-of-conflict","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2014\/10\/stages-of-conflict\/","title":{"rendered":"Stages of conflict"},"content":{"rendered":"<header\n\tclass=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-article-header alignfull article-header is-style-square has-light-background has-colored-heading\"\n\tstyle=\" \"\n>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"article-header__content\">\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\tclass=\"article-header__category\"\n\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/arts-humanities\/\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\tArts &amp; Culture\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<h1 class=\"article-header__title wp-block-heading has-large-text\">\n\t\tStages of conflict\t<\/h1>\n\n\t\n\t\n\t<div class=\"article-header__meta\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-post-author\">\n\t\t\t<address class=\"wp-block-post-author__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"author wp-block-post-author__name\">\n\t\tKate Kondayen\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-block-post-author__byline\">\n\t\t\tHarvard Library Communications\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/address>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<time class=\"article-header__date\" datetime=\"2014-10-08\">\n\t\t\tOctober 8, 2014\t\t<\/time>\n\n\t\t<span class=\"article-header__reading-time\">\n\t\t\t4 min read\t\t<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"article-header__subheading wp-block-heading\">\n\t\t\tMap exhibit captures destructive momentum of World War I\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\n<\/header>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-center is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n\n\n\t\t<p>World War I lasted four years, three months, two weeks, and one day. Dozens of nations were involved; more than 65 million soldiers were mobilized; casualties rose to 37 million. The Western Front stretched 600 miles through three countries.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFrom the Alps to the Ocean: Maps of the Western Front,\u201d at Pusey Library through Nov. 11, captures the magnitude of the conflict, each map a shard of the shattered mirror reflecting a gruesome war.<\/p>\n<p>Life on the Western Front depended on a labyrinth of trenches quickly and gruelingly dug into battle positions in 1914. Roads, railways, trails, shelters, and ammunition depots sprang up behind the lines, absorbing towns and cities. Small conquests of territory represented big wins \u2014 and big losses \u2014 in the fight that shaped modern Europe and the Middle East.<\/p>\n\r\n\t\n\t<section class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-image-carousel alignfull carousel carousel--images\">\n\t\t<h2 class=\"carousel__heading wp-block-heading\" id=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\">\n\t\t\t<span>Mapping a war<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t<div aria-labelledby=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\" class=\"carousel__wrapper splide\"><div class=\"carousel__track splide__track\"><div class=\"carousel__list splide__list\">\n\t\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-caricature-map_522x400_1.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-liberty_522x400_2.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_017_522x400_3.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-linguistics-map_500x400_4.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-plan-directeur_522x400_5.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_145_570x400_6.jpg\" width=\"570\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\r\n\n<p>The military, social, economic, and political effects of those crucial shifts are highlighted by the maps on display \u2014 handmade, one of a kind, or mass-produced. Some were brought home and donated to Harvard by alumni who had served.<\/p>\n<p>Mapmaking advanced more quickly during WWI than in any previous era. Prewar methods, such as relying on known landmarks, were often useless \u2014 landmarks could be destroyed or inaccessible. Trench warfare required soldiers to rely on data. Engineers developed sophisticated ways to gather information, recording flashes and booms from enemy cannons to triangulate location, exploiting the photographic potential of air power to create documents that saved lives.<\/p>\n<p>A guide to reading the aerial images points to the challenges presented by tilt, scale, and bomb-cratered terrain. \u201cIt\u2019s hard to tell where anything is when everything looks like the moon,\u201d said Bonnie Burns, curator of the exhibit and librarian for geographic information services.<\/p>\n<p>Plenty of WWI-era maps were not for military use; they were communications tools aimed at illustrating to the home front what was happening in strange and faraway places. Newspapers printed thousands. \u201cThey were trying to explain why they were fighting \u2014 if anybody knew,\u201d Burns said.<\/p>\n<p>A 1914 German map depicts nations straining against borders; a 1918 U.S. map shows Germany as a looming black cloud poised to descend on Europe. Small details like fonts \u2014 gothic for German towns, modern for French \u2014 hint at the perspective behind the document.<\/p>\n<p>The fighting stopped but the mapmaking continued, recognizing new boundaries and new nations. Belgium, France, and Denmark expanded; Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, and Yugoslavia formed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe maps are amazingly detailed,\u201d said Burns. \u201cAs a mapmaker, I wondered how they accomplished that in war conditions with the technology of the time. As a librarian I saw an amazing visual data set I thought researchers would be interested in.\u201d Burns captured the scale and detail of the front in a single map by scanning 300 plans directeurs (detailed maps made by French soldiers), extracting data on trench positions and transposing it on modern road maps.<\/p>\n<p>In her final work, trenches vein across land, a bloody graph of months, years, lives, telling a cartographic story of convulsing cultures and wrenching change.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cFrom the Alps to the Ocean: Maps of the Western Front,\u201d at Pusey Library through Nov. 11, captures the magnitude and destructive momentum of World War I. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":105622744,"featured_media":161550,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"gz_ga_pageviews":11,"gz_ga_lastupdated":"2017-08-03 12:41","document_color_palette":null,"author":"Kate Kondayen","affiliation":"Harvard Library Communications","_category_override":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1360],"tags":[1769,6191,7301,13050,15891,20454,22512,28445,36211],"gazette-formats":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-161546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts-humanities","tag-from-the-alps-to-the-ocean","tag-bonnie-burns","tag-cartography","tag-fas","tag-harvard-library","tag-kate-kondayen","tag-maps","tag-pusey-library","tag-world-war-i"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.0 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Stages of conflict &#8212; 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Culture\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<h1 class=\"article-header__title wp-block-heading has-large-text\">\n\t\tStages of conflict\t<\/h1>\n\n\t\n\t\n\t<div class=\"article-header__meta\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-post-author\">\n\t\t\t<address class=\"wp-block-post-author__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"author wp-block-post-author__name\">\n\t\tKate Kondayen\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-block-post-author__byline\">\n\t\t\tHarvard Library Communications\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/address>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<time class=\"article-header__date\" datetime=\"2014-10-08\">\n\t\t\tOctober 8, 2014\t\t<\/time>\n\n\t\t<span class=\"article-header__reading-time\">\n\t\t\t4 min read\t\t<\/span>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"article-header__subheading wp-block-heading\">\n\t\t\tMap exhibit captures destructive momentum of World War I\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\n<\/header>\n"},"2":{"blockName":"core\/group","attrs":{"templateLock":false,"metadata":{"name":"Article content"},"align":"wide","layout":{"type":"constrained","justifyContent":"center"},"tagName":"div","lock":[],"className":"","style":[],"backgroundColor":"","textColor":"","gradient":"","fontSize":"","fontFamily":"","borderColor":"","ariaLabel":"","anchor":""},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"core\/freeform","attrs":{"content":"","lock":[],"metadata":[]},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n\t\t<p>World War I lasted four years, three months, two weeks, and one day. Dozens of nations were involved; more than 65 million soldiers were mobilized; casualties rose to 37 million. The Western Front stretched 600 miles through three countries.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFrom the Alps to the Ocean: Maps of the Western Front,\u201d at Pusey Library through Nov. 11, captures the magnitude of the conflict, each map a shard of the shattered mirror reflecting a gruesome war.<\/p>\n<p>Life on the Western Front depended on a labyrinth of trenches quickly and gruelingly dug into battle positions in 1914. Roads, railways, trails, shelters, and ammunition depots sprang up behind the lines, absorbing towns and cities. Small conquests of territory represented big wins \u2014 and big losses \u2014 in the fight that shaped modern Europe and the Middle East.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n\t\t<p>World War I lasted four years, three months, two weeks, and one day. Dozens of nations were involved; more than 65 million soldiers were mobilized; casualties rose to 37 million. The Western Front stretched 600 miles through three countries.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFrom the Alps to the Ocean: Maps of the Western Front,\u201d at Pusey Library through Nov. 11, captures the magnitude of the conflict, each map a shard of the shattered mirror reflecting a gruesome war.<\/p>\n<p>Life on the Western Front depended on a labyrinth of trenches quickly and gruelingly dug into battle positions in 1914. Roads, railways, trails, shelters, and ammunition depots sprang up behind the lines, absorbing towns and cities. Small conquests of territory represented big wins \u2014 and big losses \u2014 in the fight that shaped modern Europe and the Middle East.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n\t\t<p>World War I lasted four years, three months, two weeks, and one day. Dozens of nations were involved; more than 65 million soldiers were mobilized; casualties rose to 37 million. The Western Front stretched 600 miles through three countries.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFrom the Alps to the Ocean: Maps of the Western Front,\u201d at Pusey Library through Nov. 11, captures the magnitude of the conflict, each map a shard of the shattered mirror reflecting a gruesome war.<\/p>\n<p>Life on the Western Front depended on a labyrinth of trenches quickly and gruelingly dug into battle positions in 1914. Roads, railways, trails, shelters, and ammunition depots sprang up behind the lines, absorbing towns and cities. Small conquests of territory represented big wins \u2014 and big losses \u2014 in the fight that shaped modern Europe and the Middle East.<\/p>\n"},{"blockName":"harvard-gazette\/image-carousel","attrs":{"heading":"Mapping a war","caption":"","id":"fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27","headingHidden":false,"layout":"image-carousel","showNumbers":false,"stretch":false,"lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":"","style":[]},"innerBlocks":[{"blockName":"harvard-gazette\/carousel-slide","attrs":{"creditText":"","mediaAlt":"The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection","mediaCaption":"The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection","mediaId":"161654","mediaType":"image","mediaUrl":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-caricature-map_522x400_1.jpg","mediaHeight":"400","mediaSize":"wide-auto","mediaWidth":"522","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-caricature-map_522x400_1.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-caricature-map_522x400_1.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-caricature-map_522x400_1.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"harvard-gazette\/carousel-slide","attrs":{"creditText":"","mediaAlt":"This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.","mediaCaption":"This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.","mediaId":"161655","mediaType":"image","mediaUrl":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-liberty_522x400_2.jpg","mediaHeight":"400","mediaSize":"wide-auto","mediaWidth":"522","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-liberty_522x400_2.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-liberty_522x400_2.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-liberty_522x400_2.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"harvard-gazette\/carousel-slide","attrs":{"creditText":"","mediaAlt":"The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. 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Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer","mediaId":"161653","mediaType":"image","mediaUrl":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_017_522x400_3.jpg","mediaHeight":"400","mediaSize":"wide-auto","mediaWidth":"522","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_017_522x400_3.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_017_522x400_3.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_017_522x400_3.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"harvard-gazette\/carousel-slide","attrs":{"creditText":"","mediaAlt":"The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.","mediaCaption":"The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.","mediaId":"161656","mediaType":"image","mediaUrl":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-linguistics-map_500x400_4.jpg","mediaHeight":"400","mediaSize":"wide-auto","mediaWidth":"522","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-linguistics-map_500x400_4.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-linguistics-map_500x400_4.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-linguistics-map_500x400_4.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"harvard-gazette\/carousel-slide","attrs":{"creditText":"","mediaAlt":"Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.","mediaCaption":"Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.","mediaId":"161657","mediaType":"image","mediaUrl":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-plan-directeur_522x400_5.jpg","mediaHeight":"400","mediaSize":"wide-auto","mediaWidth":"522","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-plan-directeur_522x400_5.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-plan-directeur_522x400_5.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-plan-directeur_522x400_5.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"},{"blockName":"harvard-gazette\/carousel-slide","attrs":{"creditText":"","mediaAlt":"Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer","mediaCaption":"Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer","mediaId":"161686","mediaType":"image","mediaUrl":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_145_570x400_6.jpg","mediaHeight":"400","mediaSize":"wide-auto","mediaWidth":"570","lock":[],"metadata":[],"className":""},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_145_570x400_6.jpg\" width=\"570\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n","innerContent":["\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_145_570x400_6.jpg\" width=\"570\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"],"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_145_570x400_6.jpg\" width=\"570\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n\t<section class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-image-carousel alignfull carousel carousel--images\">\n\t\t<h2 class=\"carousel__heading wp-block-heading\" id=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\">\n\t\t\t<span>Mapping a war<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t<div aria-labelledby=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\" class=\"carousel__wrapper splide\"><div class=\"carousel__track splide__track\"><div class=\"carousel__list splide__list\">\n\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n","innerContent":["\n\t<section class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-image-carousel alignfull carousel carousel--images\">\n\t\t<h2 class=\"carousel__heading wp-block-heading\" id=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\">\n\t\t\t<span>Mapping a war<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t<div aria-labelledby=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\" class=\"carousel__wrapper splide\"><div class=\"carousel__track splide__track\"><div class=\"carousel__list splide__list\">\n\t","\n","\n","\n","\n","\n","\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n"],"rendered":"\n\t<section class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-image-carousel alignfull carousel carousel--images\">\n\t\t<h2 class=\"carousel__heading wp-block-heading\" id=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\">\n\t\t\t<span>Mapping a war<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t<div aria-labelledby=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\" class=\"carousel__wrapper splide\"><div class=\"carousel__track splide__track\"><div class=\"carousel__list splide__list\">\n\t\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-caricature-map_522x400_1.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-liberty_522x400_2.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_017_522x400_3.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-linguistics-map_500x400_4.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-plan-directeur_522x400_5.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_145_570x400_6.jpg\" width=\"570\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n"},{"blockName":"core\/freeform","attrs":{"content":"","lock":[],"metadata":[]},"innerBlocks":[],"innerHTML":"\n<p>The military, social, economic, and political effects of those crucial shifts are highlighted by the maps on display \u2014 handmade, one of a kind, or mass-produced. Some were brought home and donated to Harvard by alumni who had served.<\/p>\n<p>Mapmaking advanced more quickly during WWI than in any previous era. Prewar methods, such as relying on known landmarks, were often useless \u2014 landmarks could be destroyed or inaccessible. Trench warfare required soldiers to rely on data. Engineers developed sophisticated ways to gather information, recording flashes and booms from enemy cannons to triangulate location, exploiting the photographic potential of air power to create documents that saved lives.<\/p>\n<p>A guide to reading the aerial images points to the challenges presented by tilt, scale, and bomb-cratered terrain. \u201cIt\u2019s hard to tell where anything is when everything looks like the moon,\u201d said Bonnie Burns, curator of the exhibit and librarian for geographic information services.<\/p>\n<p>Plenty of WWI-era maps were not for military use; they were communications tools aimed at illustrating to the home front what was happening in strange and faraway places. Newspapers printed thousands. \u201cThey were trying to explain why they were fighting \u2014 if anybody knew,\u201d Burns said.<\/p>\n<p>A 1914 German map depicts nations straining against borders; a 1918 U.S. map shows Germany as a looming black cloud poised to descend on Europe. Small details like fonts \u2014 gothic for German towns, modern for French \u2014 hint at the perspective behind the document.<\/p>\n<p>The fighting stopped but the mapmaking continued, recognizing new boundaries and new nations. Belgium, France, and Denmark expanded; Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, and Yugoslavia formed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe maps are amazingly detailed,\u201d said Burns. \u201cAs a mapmaker, I wondered how they accomplished that in war conditions with the technology of the time. As a librarian I saw an amazing visual data set I thought researchers would be interested in.\u201d Burns captured the scale and detail of the front in a single map by scanning 300 plans directeurs (detailed maps made by French soldiers), extracting data on trench positions and transposing it on modern road maps.<\/p>\n<p>In her final work, trenches vein across land, a bloody graph of months, years, lives, telling a cartographic story of convulsing cultures and wrenching change.<\/p>\n","innerContent":["\n<p>The military, social, economic, and political effects of those crucial shifts are highlighted by the maps on display \u2014 handmade, one of a kind, or mass-produced. Some were brought home and donated to Harvard by alumni who had served.<\/p>\n<p>Mapmaking advanced more quickly during WWI than in any previous era. Prewar methods, such as relying on known landmarks, were often useless \u2014 landmarks could be destroyed or inaccessible. Trench warfare required soldiers to rely on data. Engineers developed sophisticated ways to gather information, recording flashes and booms from enemy cannons to triangulate location, exploiting the photographic potential of air power to create documents that saved lives.<\/p>\n<p>A guide to reading the aerial images points to the challenges presented by tilt, scale, and bomb-cratered terrain. \u201cIt\u2019s hard to tell where anything is when everything looks like the moon,\u201d said Bonnie Burns, curator of the exhibit and librarian for geographic information services.<\/p>\n<p>Plenty of WWI-era maps were not for military use; they were communications tools aimed at illustrating to the home front what was happening in strange and faraway places. Newspapers printed thousands. \u201cThey were trying to explain why they were fighting \u2014 if anybody knew,\u201d Burns said.<\/p>\n<p>A 1914 German map depicts nations straining against borders; a 1918 U.S. map shows Germany as a looming black cloud poised to descend on Europe. Small details like fonts \u2014 gothic for German towns, modern for French \u2014 hint at the perspective behind the document.<\/p>\n<p>The fighting stopped but the mapmaking continued, recognizing new boundaries and new nations. Belgium, France, and Denmark expanded; Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, and Yugoslavia formed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe maps are amazingly detailed,\u201d said Burns. \u201cAs a mapmaker, I wondered how they accomplished that in war conditions with the technology of the time. As a librarian I saw an amazing visual data set I thought researchers would be interested in.\u201d Burns captured the scale and detail of the front in a single map by scanning 300 plans directeurs (detailed maps made by French soldiers), extracting data on trench positions and transposing it on modern road maps.<\/p>\n<p>In her final work, trenches vein across land, a bloody graph of months, years, lives, telling a cartographic story of convulsing cultures and wrenching change.<\/p>\n"],"rendered":"\n<p>The military, social, economic, and political effects of those crucial shifts are highlighted by the maps on display \u2014 handmade, one of a kind, or mass-produced. Some were brought home and donated to Harvard by alumni who had served.<\/p>\n<p>Mapmaking advanced more quickly during WWI than in any previous era. Prewar methods, such as relying on known landmarks, were often useless \u2014 landmarks could be destroyed or inaccessible. Trench warfare required soldiers to rely on data. Engineers developed sophisticated ways to gather information, recording flashes and booms from enemy cannons to triangulate location, exploiting the photographic potential of air power to create documents that saved lives.<\/p>\n<p>A guide to reading the aerial images points to the challenges presented by tilt, scale, and bomb-cratered terrain. \u201cIt\u2019s hard to tell where anything is when everything looks like the moon,\u201d said Bonnie Burns, curator of the exhibit and librarian for geographic information services.<\/p>\n<p>Plenty of WWI-era maps were not for military use; they were communications tools aimed at illustrating to the home front what was happening in strange and faraway places. Newspapers printed thousands. \u201cThey were trying to explain why they were fighting \u2014 if anybody knew,\u201d Burns said.<\/p>\n<p>A 1914 German map depicts nations straining against borders; a 1918 U.S. map shows Germany as a looming black cloud poised to descend on Europe. Small details like fonts \u2014 gothic for German towns, modern for French \u2014 hint at the perspective behind the document.<\/p>\n<p>The fighting stopped but the mapmaking continued, recognizing new boundaries and new nations. Belgium, France, and Denmark expanded; Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, and Yugoslavia formed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe maps are amazingly detailed,\u201d said Burns. \u201cAs a mapmaker, I wondered how they accomplished that in war conditions with the technology of the time. As a librarian I saw an amazing visual data set I thought researchers would be interested in.\u201d Burns captured the scale and detail of the front in a single map by scanning 300 plans directeurs (detailed maps made by French soldiers), extracting data on trench positions and transposing it on modern road maps.<\/p>\n<p>In her final work, trenches vein across land, a bloody graph of months, years, lives, telling a cartographic story of convulsing cultures and wrenching change.<\/p>\n"}],"innerHTML":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide\">\n\n\r\n\t\n\r\n\n\n<\/div>\n","innerContent":["\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide\">\n\n","\r\n\t","\n\r\n","\n\n<\/div>\n"],"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-center is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n\n\n\t\t<p>World War I lasted four years, three months, two weeks, and one day. Dozens of nations were involved; more than 65 million soldiers were mobilized; casualties rose to 37 million. The Western Front stretched 600 miles through three countries.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFrom the Alps to the Ocean: Maps of the Western Front,\u201d at Pusey Library through Nov. 11, captures the magnitude of the conflict, each map a shard of the shattered mirror reflecting a gruesome war.<\/p>\n<p>Life on the Western Front depended on a labyrinth of trenches quickly and gruelingly dug into battle positions in 1914. Roads, railways, trails, shelters, and ammunition depots sprang up behind the lines, absorbing towns and cities. Small conquests of territory represented big wins \u2014 and big losses \u2014 in the fight that shaped modern Europe and the Middle East.<\/p>\n\r\n\t\n\t<section class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-image-carousel alignfull carousel carousel--images\">\n\t\t<h2 class=\"carousel__heading wp-block-heading\" id=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\">\n\t\t\t<span>Mapping a war<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t<div aria-labelledby=\"heading-fdd6670c-cbe8-4fd5-8781-7550ba83ec27\" class=\"carousel__wrapper splide\"><div class=\"carousel__track splide__track\"><div class=\"carousel__list splide__list\">\n\t\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-caricature-map_522x400_1.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The mapmaker\u2019s editorial spin is evident in this 1914 caricature map, which shows each country with a unique persona. Germany strains against its borders, Serbia attempts to throw a bomb at Osterreich while Turkey holds a lit candle under a Crimean powder keg. Images courtesy of the Harvard Map Collection<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-liberty_522x400_2.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">This 1918 rendering shows the enormity of the territory controlled by Central Powers in gray. Published in a magazine for an American audience, the map was advertised as a way to follow the \u201cadventures\u201d of soldiers on the front.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_017_522x400_3.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The new field of aerial photography was an invaluable tool to wartime mapmakers, but images could be difficult to read correctly. An original photo shows the extent of damage to the landscape; the resulting map below was adjusted for tilt, scale, and angle. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-linguistics-map_500x400_4.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">The population of Polish-speaking children in German territory is charted in this data map, one of many factors taken into consideration when redrawing national borders after the war.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/wwi-plan-directeur_522x400_5.jpg\" width=\"522\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Curator Bonnie Burns used hundreds of plans directeurs, such as this one detailing the Argonne Forest in 1918, in order to pull together the comprehensive map of the Western Front. Red represents Allied-controlled territory, blue German-held lines.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-harvard-gazette-carousel-slide carousel__slide splide__slide wp-block-image\">\n\t<img alt=\"Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/100114_alps_145_570x400_6.jpg\" width=\"570\"\/>\n\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"wp-element-caption--caption\">Another example of a large-scale map, which appears in the collection. The maps capture the magnitude of the war. Kris Snibbe\/Harvard Staff Photographer<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n\n\t<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\r\n\n<p>The military, social, economic, and political effects of those crucial shifts are highlighted by the maps on display \u2014 handmade, one of a kind, or mass-produced. Some were brought home and donated to Harvard by alumni who had served.<\/p>\n<p>Mapmaking advanced more quickly during WWI than in any previous era. Prewar methods, such as relying on known landmarks, were often useless \u2014 landmarks could be destroyed or inaccessible. Trench warfare required soldiers to rely on data. Engineers developed sophisticated ways to gather information, recording flashes and booms from enemy cannons to triangulate location, exploiting the photographic potential of air power to create documents that saved lives.<\/p>\n<p>A guide to reading the aerial images points to the challenges presented by tilt, scale, and bomb-cratered terrain. \u201cIt\u2019s hard to tell where anything is when everything looks like the moon,\u201d said Bonnie Burns, curator of the exhibit and librarian for geographic information services.<\/p>\n<p>Plenty of WWI-era maps were not for military use; they were communications tools aimed at illustrating to the home front what was happening in strange and faraway places. Newspapers printed thousands. \u201cThey were trying to explain why they were fighting \u2014 if anybody knew,\u201d Burns said.<\/p>\n<p>A 1914 German map depicts nations straining against borders; a 1918 U.S. map shows Germany as a looming black cloud poised to descend on Europe. Small details like fonts \u2014 gothic for German towns, modern for French \u2014 hint at the perspective behind the document.<\/p>\n<p>The fighting stopped but the mapmaking continued, recognizing new boundaries and new nations. Belgium, France, and Denmark expanded; Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, and Yugoslavia formed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe maps are amazingly detailed,\u201d said Burns. \u201cAs a mapmaker, I wondered how they accomplished that in war conditions with the technology of the time. As a librarian I saw an amazing visual data set I thought researchers would be interested in.\u201d Burns captured the scale and detail of the front in a single map by scanning 300 plans directeurs (detailed maps made by French soldiers), extracting data on trench positions and transposing it on modern road maps.<\/p>\n<p>In her final work, trenches vein across land, a bloody graph of months, years, lives, telling a cartographic story of convulsing cultures and wrenching change.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n"}},"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":362614,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2023\/08\/getting-lost-in-fictional-maps-narnia-middle-earth-westeros-twin-peaks-oz-zelda\/","url_meta":{"origin":161546,"position":0},"title":"Lost in fictional maps","author":"gazettebeckycoleman","date":"August 30, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Fantasy worlds from Middle Earth to Westeros come to life in Harvard Library exhibit.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Arts &amp; Culture&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Arts &amp; Culture","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/arts-humanities\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"A Map of Narnia and the Surrounding Countries.","src":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/080423_Map_Exhibit_009_2500.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/080423_Map_Exhibit_009_2500.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/080423_Map_Exhibit_009_2500.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/080423_Map_Exhibit_009_2500.jpg?resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":163186,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2014\/11\/ukraine-comes-into-focus-on-film\/","url_meta":{"origin":161546,"position":1},"title":"Ukraine comes into focus on film","author":"harvardgazette","date":"November 10, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Harvard Library is sponsoring a series of films by Ukrainian filmmaker Sergei Loznitsa in conjunction with its exhibit \u201cLives of the Great Patriotic War.\u201d The film series continues Nov. 15 and 17. The exhibit is open through Nov. 26 at the Pusey Library.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Arts &amp; Culture&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Arts &amp; Culture","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/arts-humanities\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/film-maidan-photo_605_1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/film-maidan-photo_605_1.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/film-maidan-photo_605_1.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":44199,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2005\/03\/rare-19th-century-topographical-maps-on-displayin-the-1880s-the-u-s-government-set-out-to-create-detailed-maps-of-the-country-resulting-in-a-series-of-topographical-maps-that-can-be-viewed-as-both\/","url_meta":{"origin":161546,"position":2},"title":"Rare 19th century topographical maps on display","author":"gazetteimport","date":"March 24, 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"In the 1880s, the U.S. government set out to create detailed maps of the country, resulting in a series of topographical maps that can be viewed as both science and art. An exhibition of this rare cartography at the Harvard Map Collection features approximately 30 maps dating from 1885 to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Campus &amp; Community&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Campus &amp; Community","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/campus-community\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":162488,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2014\/10\/forgotten-jewish-fighters\/","url_meta":{"origin":161546,"position":3},"title":"Forgotten Jewish fighters","author":"harvardgazette","date":"October 28, 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Pusey Library exhibit \u201cLives of the Great Patriotic War\u201d is a multimedia glimpse at surviving Jewish veterans whose presence in the Red Army is a little-known story.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Arts &amp; Culture&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Arts &amp; Culture","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/arts-humanities\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/rinkina_portraitmain_605_1.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/rinkina_portraitmain_605_1.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/rinkina_portraitmain_605_1.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":846,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2008\/09\/and-quiet-flows-the-don-at-pusey\/","url_meta":{"origin":161546,"position":4},"title":"And quiet flows the Don at Pusey","author":"harvardgazette","date":"September 25, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"The Harvard Map Collection presents its fall exhibition, \u201cFrom the Amazon to the Volga: The Cartographic Representation of Rivers,\u201d which opened Wednesday (Sept. 24). For centuries, cartographers have wrestled with the difficulties of depicting rivers, and in the process they have devised many ingenious ways of answering the challenge \u2014\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Campus &amp; Community&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Campus &amp; Community","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/campus-community\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":134273,"url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2013\/04\/the-mirror-with-a-memory\/","url_meta":{"origin":161546,"position":5},"title":"The \u2018mirror with a memory\u2019","author":"harvardgazette","date":"April 15, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cMirror With a Memory\u201d is a new Pusey Library exhibit of photographs and other artifacts from the years when Harvard and the nation were anticipating the Civil War, then fighting it, and, finally, remembering it.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Arts &amp; Culture&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Arts &amp; Culture","link":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/section\/arts-humanities\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/hua_harvardsquare_huv_80__605.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/hua_harvardsquare_huv_80__605.jpg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/hua_harvardsquare_huv_80__605.jpg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/161546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/105622744"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=161546"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/161546\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/161550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=161546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=161546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=161546"},{"taxonomy":"format","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gazette-formats?post=161546"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=161546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}