In alphabetical order, the recipients are Kenneth J. Arrow, Doctor of Laws; Bernard Bailyn, Doctor of Laws; Herbert Block, Doctor of Arts; Andrew F. Brimmer, Doctor of Laws; David Roxbee Cox, Doctor of Science; Alan Greenspan, Doctor of Laws; Julia Kristeva, Doctor of Laws; and Mario Vargas Llosa, Doctor of Letters.

Biographical sketches follow:

Kenneth J. Arrow

Doctor of Laws

Kenneth Arrow is Joan Kenney Professor of Economics Emeritus and Professor of Operations Research Emeritus at Stanford University. A graduate of the City College of New York, he received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University and for nearly 20 years he taught economics, statistics, and operations research at Stanford. In 1968 he came to Harvard, where he became a leader of a large and vibrant group of economic theorists, and in 1974 he was named James Bryant Conant University Professor. He returned to Stanford in 1979, teaching until his retirement in 1991. An economist deeply concerned with social justice, Professor Arrow has contributed to the logical foundations of economic theory, as well as to its applications. In 1972 he received the Nobel Prize jointly with Sir John Hicks "for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory."

Bernard Bailyn

Doctor of Laws

Adams University Professor and James Duncan Phillips Professor of Early American History Emeritus at Harvard, Bernard Bailyn is known for his ground-breaking scholarship on the social history of colonial America. After receiving his A.B. from Williams College, he earned his master's and doctorate from Harvard University, where he has taught since 1949. In 1966 he was named the Winthrop Professor of History, and he became the first Adams University Professor in 1981. For over 10 years he was Director of the Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History. A prolific author, he won the Pulitzer and Bancroft Prizes for The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1967), the Pulitzer Prize for Voyagers to the West (1986), and the National Book Award for The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson (1974). In 1998, Professor Bailyn was named the Jefferson Lecturer, the nation's highest honor for scholars in the humanities.

Herbert Block

Doctor of Arts

Born and educated in Chicago, Herbert Block, known to his many fans as Herblock, began contributing cartoons to the Chicago Daily News while still in high school. He went on to draw cartoons for the Newspaper Enterprise Association Service, winning his first Pulitzer Prize in 1942. After serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, he became the editorial cartoonist for the Washington Post, a position he has held since 1946. His political satire has covered the administrations of 11 U.S. presidents, beginning with Franklin Roosevelt. The winner of four Pulitzer Prizes, he is the only living cartoonist whose works are in The National Gallery of Art. In 1981 he received the American Civil Liberties Union's Bill of Rights award "for his creative and incisive defense of the Bill of Rights." He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1994.

Andrew F. Brimmer

Doctor of Laws

President of Brimmer & Company Inc., an economic and financial consulting firm, Andrew Brimmer also serves as the Wilmer D. Barrett Professor of Economics at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Educated at the University of Washington and Harvard, where he received his Ph.D. in 1957, Dr. Brimmer was the first African-American to serve as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, a position he held from 1966 to 1974. A teacher and scholar whose interests include monetary policy, international finance, and economic development in the African-American community, he was the Thomas Henry Carroll Visiting Professor at the Harvard Business School from 1974 to 1976. From 1995 to 1998 he chaired the District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Authority. Chairman of the Tuskegee University Board of Trustees, and twice elected a Harvard Overseer, he received the Harvard Medal in 1995.

David Roxbee Cox

Doctor of Science

Fellow of the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London, Professor Cox was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, and the University of Leeds. He has served as Professor of Statistics at Imperial College and as Warden of Nuffield College, Oxford. For 25 years he was the editor of the statistical journal Biometrika, and recently he completed a term as president of the International Statistical Institute. Known for his outstanding contributions to theoretical and applied statistics, Professor Cox received the Kettering Prize and Gold Medal for Cancer Research in 1990. His innovative methods and formulations are widely used today by researchers in the social, biological, and medical sciences. The author of several books, he is perhaps best known for Planning of Experiments (1958) and Theoretical Statistics (1974). He was knighted in 1985.

Alan Greenspan

Doctor of Laws

Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System since 1987, Alan Greenspan has guided U.S. monetary policy during the nation's longest economic expansion in the postwar era. Educated at New York University and Columbia University, Dr. Greenspan served for thirty years as chairman and president of Townsend-Greenspan & Co. Inc., an economic consulting firm in New York City. From 1974 to 1977 he was chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers under President Ford, and was chairman of the National Commission on Social Security Reform from 1981 to 1983. Dr. Greenspan also served as a member of President Reagan's Economic Policy Advisory Board, and as a consultant to the Congressional Budget Office. His many honors include the Thomas Jefferson Award, presented to him by the American Institute for Public Service in 1976.

Julia Kristeva

Doctor of Laws

A literary theorist, Julia Kristeva is professor and director of the Doctoral Program in Languages, Literatures and Civilizations at the University of Paris VII. She first studied linguistics at the University of Sofia in Bulgaria, and in 1965 came to Paris, where she completed her doctorate in 1973. In Paris, she worked and studied with philosopher Lucien Goldman, structural anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, and literary theorist Roland Barthes. She is one of the first theorists to think through the implications of structural linguistics for poetics, and she is well known for her use of semiotics in defining the concept of "poetic language." A practicing psychoanalyst since the 1970s, Professor Kristeva is known for her psychoanalytic studies of horror, love, and melancholy. Her many books include La Révolution du langage poétique (1974), Pouvoirs de l'horreur: Essai sur l'abjection (1980), and Etrangers à nous-mêmes (1988).

Mario Vargas Llosa

Doctor of Letters

Born in southern Peru, Mario Vargas Llosa stands among the world's preeminent living novelists. He studied at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in Lima before receiving his doctorate from the Universidad Complutense in Madrid. He began his career as a journalist and news editor, and has taught at numerous universities including Harvard, where he was the Robert F. Kennedy Visiting Professor in 1992. His first novel, The Time of the Hero (1963), won the Spanish Biblioteca Breve Prize. His many books include the critically acclaimed The Green House (1966), Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (1977), and The War of the End of the World (1981). Among his many honors are the Cervantes Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award. He was a presidential candidate for the 1990 elections in Peru.